chapte11 A HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

The Mechanical Age Calculating with a machine dates to 500 BC. Ancient people invented the abacus. The Electrical Age First general-purpose programmable electronic computer system developed in 1946.Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator ENIAC a huge machine. The Electrical Age December 23 1947 John Bardeen William Shockley and Walter Brattain develop the transistor at Bell Labs. Followed by 1958 invention of the integrated circuit IC by Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments. IC led to development of digital integrated circuits in the 1960s. RTL or resistor-to-transistor logic First microprocessor developed at Intel Corporation in 1971 .Intel engineers Federico Faggin Ted Hoff and Stan Mazor developed the 4004 microprocessor Device started the microprocessor revolution continued today at an ever-accelerating pace. VLSIVery Large Scale IC Programming Advancements Mathematician John von Neumann first modern person to develop a system to accept instructions and store them in memory. Computers are often called von Neumann machines in his honor. Once systems such as UNIVAC became available in early 1950s assembly language was used to simplify entering binary code. 1957 Grace Hopper developed first high-level programming language called FLOWMATIC. In same year IBM developed FORTRAN FORmula TRANslator for its systems. First successful widespread programming language for business applications was COBOL COmputer Business Oriented Language. Some common modern programming languages are BASIC C CC Java PASCAL and ADA The Microprocessor Age Worlds first microprocessor is the Intel 4004 4- bit microprocessor .in 1971 With the microprocessor a commercially viable product Intel released 8008 8-bit microprocessor in 1971. Intel introduced 8080 microprocessorfirst of the modem 8-bit microprocessor in 1973. Motorola Corporation introduced MC6800 microprocessor about six months later. The Z-80 is machine languagecompatible with the 8085. The Modern Microprocessor In 1978 Intel released the 8086 a year or so later it released the 808816-bit microprocessors. Intel introduced the 80286 16-bit microprocessorsin 1983 . Intel introduced the 80386 32-bit microprocessorsin 1986 . Intel introduced the 80486 32-bit microprocessorsin 1989 . Intel introduced the Pentium in 1993 . Pentium Pro Pentium III Pentium 4 and Core2..,

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